上海市大气中PM10浓度的统计分析

以上海市2002年-2009年的PM10实测数据和同步气象资料为研究对象进行上海市PM10污染分析研究。对2002年-2009年的监测数据进行分析、归纳,得到了上海市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的季节变化规律、每日小时变化规律以及上海市不同地区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度的分布特征,并对这种特征及变化规律进行了详尽地分析。研究表明上海市空气环境质量在逐年好转,其标志是累计超标污染天数每年减少5天;在一年当中,污染天数最多的是冬季,其次是春季,最少的是夏季;在空气环境质量逐年好转的大趋势下,针对其产生的原因进行了分析。     

哈尔滨市松北区城市湿地水环境分析及针对旅游开发活动的保护措施

随着城市的快速发展建设和开发,城市人口的增加和不断的对城市湿地水环境产生不利的影响,导致了松北区湿地水环境的破坏。文章应用层次分析法对松北区城市湿地的水质监测数据进行了系统的分析,可知松北湿地污染特点是以万宝镇为起点,沿河流为轴,靠水流内外扩散、自然分解和水体自净作用使松北湿地的水质从远及近逐渐改善,这对保护湿地水环境具有重要的意义。     

Preparation and coagulation efficiency of polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride composite coagulant from wastewater of high-purity graphite production

The aim of the present work was to produce a polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride (PAFSiC) coagulant from acidic and alkaline wastewater of purifying graphite by roasting, and subsequently to evaluate coagulation efficiency of the reagent by treating surface water from the Yellow River as well as municipal wastewater in comparison with the conventional coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PAC). The PAFSiC coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization. The effects of (Al+Fe)/Si molar ratio, OH/(Al+Fe) molar ratio (i.e., value), coagulant dosage and pH value of test suspension on the coagulation behavior of FAFSiC and the stability of the PAFSiC were also examined. Results showed that PAFSiC performed more efficiently than PAC in removing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphate (TP). The PAFSiC with a value of 2.0 and (Al+Fe)/Si ratio of 5 (PAFSiC 2.0/5) showed excellent coagulation effect for both turbidity and COD, while PAFSiC 1.0/5 was the best for TP. The optimum coagulation pH range of PAFSiC 2.0/5 was 5.0–9.0, slightly wider than that of PAC (6.0–8.0). The process can be easily incorporated into high-purity graphite production plants, thereby reducing wastewater pollution and producing a valuable coagulant.     

Modeling assessment for ammonium nitrogen recovery from wastewater by chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N). In the present research, we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4 +-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation. The case study of NH4 +-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions. Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index (SI) of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH. The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2+/NH4 + molar ratio (Mg/N) and the initial NH4 +-N concentration (CN), respectively, while it decreased with an increase in Ca2+/NH4 + and CO3 2??/NH4 + molar ratios (Ca/N and CO3 2??/N), respectively. The trends for NH4 +-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions. The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH, Mg/N, CN, Ca/N, (Mg/N) (CO3 2??/N), (pH)2, (Mg/N)2, and (CN)2 were significant. Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4 +-N recovery.     

铁屑对低浓度含铬地下水的处理研究

以某铬渣污染场地上抽提上来的低浓度含铬地下水作为实验研究对象。选用铁屑对含铬废水进行处理。通过静态试验考察了影响六价铬去除率的因素:pH、铁屑用量、反应时间,得到了较好的反应工艺参数。并在静态试验的基础上,用铁屑填充自制的反应柱研究了动态试验的效果。结果表明:六价铬的出水浓度低于0.05 mg/L,达到GB/T 14848-93《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类排放标准。     

新型聚乙烯填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动研究

研究了新型高密度聚乙烯改良型拉西环填料生物滴滤床净化硫化氢气体的启动过程,重点比较了启动过程中不同的挂膜方式对启动时间及效能的影响.结果表明,采用液相连续流强化挂膜法成膜时间短,在环境温度20～28℃时7 d可以挂膜成功.在启动过程中,随着工艺参数的突然改变(GRT缩短)和入口浓度波动,液相连续流强化挂膜后反应器的硫化氢去除率更稳定.在进气浓度最高为343 mg/m³时硫化氢去除率稳定在95%以上.试验过程中还发现,将SO₄^2-浓度作为活性污泥驯化完成的监测指标、液相S^2-去除率作为挂膜完成的监测指标更合理.启动结束后,通过2种途径减去喷淋液中的碳源并未影响硫化氢的去除率,这进一步表明生物滴滤床中硫化氢的净化主要由自养菌完成.     

2株苯胺降解的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从处理印染废水的活性污泥中分离得到2株苯胺降解菌,从菌落、细胞形态、生理生化及16S rRNA基因扩增测序等方面对2株菌进行了鉴定,并比较分析2株菌在好氧与缺氧条件下的苯胺降解、偶氮染料脱色及苯胺脱氨氧化酶基因tdnQ和黄素还原酶基因(fre)的携带情况.结果表明,2株菌属于Pseudomonas属和Shewanella属,分别命名为Pseudomonas sp.AN30和Shewanella sp.DN425.AN30菌株在振荡好氧条件下72h内对250mg/L苯胺的降解率为96.1%,DN425菌株的降解率为13.8%;在静置缺氧条件下AN30菌株的苯胺降解率为39.6%,DN425菌株的降解率仅为8.6%.DN425菌株在静置缺氧条件下4h内可将初始浓度为50 mg/L的偶氮染料酸性大红彻底脱色,而AN30菌株对酸性大红不具有脱色能力.以总DNA为模板,分别用tdnQ基因和fre基因特异性引物进行扩增,2株菌均能扩增出大小分别为380bp和630bp左右的目标条带,显示2菌株均携带有苯胺脱氨氧化酶基因和黄素还原酶基因.     

西南岩溶地区生态系统完整性分析

生态系统完整性不仅反映了环境干扰下生态系统维持最优化运作和良性发展的能力,也反映了为人类社会提供有价值产品和服务的能力。本文以生态系统完整性的视角,从耗散结构和生态系统结构、过程、服务功能方面分析了岩溶生态系统的特点,表明岩溶生态系统完整性也是潜在脆弱的,随着生态的逐渐退化,生态系统完整性逐渐损失。作为人类作用胁迫下的终态,岩溶土地石漠化的发生和加剧代表着岩溶生态系统完整性的丧失,石漠化治理及生态恢复过程则是生态系统完整性逐渐恢复的过程。     

芳香有机物电化学氧化降解的研究

为了考察物质结构对难生物降解芳香化合物电催化氧化的影响,实验研究了典型的酚类和胺类芳香污染物的电化学氧化降解。结果表明:电催化氧化技术可有效处理水中的芳香化合物,苯环上取代基对有机物的电催化降解活性有很大影响,带有供电子取代基团的芳香化合物的电催化降解速率比带有吸电子取代基团的芳香化合物的电催化降解速率快。处理2 h,苯酚、苯胺和甲苯胺接近完全去除,对氯苯酚和对氯苯胺的去除率超过90%,对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯酚的去除率也达到70%左右。     

活性污泥中细菌的分离及其生理生化特性研究

从乳品废水活性污泥中分离纯化细菌,并进行生理生化特性、药敏试验研究。结果表明,H-1菌株分解葡萄糖产酸,利用乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇等碳源;H-1菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基苷类、大环内酯类药物敏感;而对青霉素类、磺胺类等具有不同程度的耐药性。该研究对改善乳品废水活性污泥微生态、环境污染治理等具有科学指导意义。